CHAPTER 17 BLOOD
This is a quick segment of notes of what we learned so far about the blood with the help of the worksheet and the textbook! (Paraphrasing and rewording was used to describe the notes provided)
The body's main method of transportation is with the help of blood
Blood is divided into plasma and the formed elements while there are an overall of three types of blood cells that include red blood cells, white blood cells, and a platelets.
Overall there are also different blood types which are differentiated by the presence of certain antigens in the red blood cells. There are type A, B, AB, O blood types which can also be further differ with the different Rh Factor present in the blood that can either be positive (has the Rh factor) or negative (does not have the Rh factor)
Blood is divided into plasma and the formed elements while there are an overall of three types of blood cells that include red blood cells, white blood cells, and a platelets.
Overall there are also different blood types which are differentiated by the presence of certain antigens in the red blood cells. There are type A, B, AB, O blood types which can also be further differ with the different Rh Factor present in the blood that can either be positive (has the Rh factor) or negative (does not have the Rh factor)
- Composition of Blood and Red blood cells
- Plasma (One of the three major body fluids' the fluid portion of blood)
- Formed elements (Used to designate the various kinds of blood cells that are normally present in blood)
- Direct measurement (measurement of total blood volume that can be accomplished only by complete removal of all blood from an experimental animal)
- Indirect methods (employ "tagging" of red blood cells or plasma components with radioisotopes that are used)
- The blood composition consists of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements
- The hematocrit percentage represents the amount of red blood cells that are out of plasma
- Ex. A hematocrit of 45% means that in every 100 of whole blood there are 45 ml of red blood cells and 55 ml of plasma
- Anemia is caused by reduced red blood cell numbers
- Erythrocytes is the formed element that carries oxygen
- Hemocytoblast is a stem cell that leads to all formed element
- Hematocrit is also known by the term packed cell volume (PCV)
- Oxygen deficiency increases RBC numbers by increasing the secretion of erythropoietin by the kidneys
- The life span of a circulating RBS is about 105 to 120 days
- White blood cells and platelets
- Leukocytes are the classification of formed elements that are nucleated cells lacking hemoglobin
- Granulocytes are the classification of leukocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules
- Agranulocytes are classifications of leukocytes without cytoplasmic granules
- Neutrophils are the most numerous leukocytes
- Basophils are granulocytes that release heparin and histamine
- Eosinophils are granulocytes that protect against infections from parasitic worms and allergic reaction
- Lymphocytes are agranulocytes that produce antibodies
- Monocytes are agranulocytes that enter tissue spaces as macrophages
- Platelets are cell fragments that function blood clotting and hemostasis
- Megakaryocytes are cells from which platelets are formed
- Neutrophils
- Cellular defense-phagocytosis of small pathogenic microorganism
- Granulocytes
- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- Small and numerous granules, “coarse” appearance
- Highly mobile, very active phagocytic cell, can migrate out of blood vessels and enter tissue
- Cellular defense-phagocytosis of small pathogenic microorganism
- Eosinophils
- Cellular defense-phagocytosis of large pathogenic microorganism (protozoa/parasitic worms); release of antiinflammatory substances in allergic reactions
- Granulocytes
- Large, numerous cytoplasmic granules
- Nuclei have 2 lobes
- Weak phagocytes, capable of ingesting inflammatory chemical and protein associated with antigen-antibody reaction complexes
- Cellular defense-phagocytosis of large pathogenic microorganism (protozoa/parasitic worms); release of antiinflammatory substances in allergic reactions
- Basophils
- Secreters heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine
- Granulocytes
- Secreters heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine
- Lymphocytes
- Humoral defense-secretes antibodies; involved in immune system response and regulation
- Agranulocytes
- Humoral defense-secretes antibodies; involved in immune system response and regulation
- Monocytes
- Capable of migrating out of the blood to enter tissue spaces as macrophage-an aggressive phagocytic cell capable of ingesting bacteria, cellular debris, and cancerous cells
- Agranulocytes
- Capable of migrating out of the blood to enter tissue spaces as macrophage-an aggressive phagocytic cell capable of ingesting bacteria, cellular debris, and cancerous cells
- Blood Types
- Having antibody A in the plasma would mean that the person would have a blood type of B and vice versa
- People with type O blood are considered to be universal donors because their blood contains near A nor B antigens on their RBCs
- Nowadays, Blood transfusions are safer than ever due to screening procedures such as the nucleic acid test
- Type AB blood is considered to be the universal recipient
- Most blood does not contain the anti-Rh antibodies
- Antigens are the agglutinogens present on the RBC membranes (either A or B)
- Antibodies are agglutinins may be found in the blood plasma that can react with red blood cell antigens A or B
- All 8 blood types
- O negative
- O positive
- A negative
- A positive
- B positive
- B negative
- AB negative
- AB positive
- Blood plasma
- Plasma is a "clear, straw colored fluid" that makes up more than half the blood volume
- Serum is the whole blood minus any of the clotting elements
- Blood Clotting
- The critical components of coagulation include thrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin
- For prothrombin to be synthesized by the liver, adequate amounts of vitamin K is required
- On the other hand, endothelium or abnormally slow blood flow would hasten clotting
- The major phases to hemostasis are:
- Vascular spasm, contraction of blood vessels, caused by constriction of smooth muscle fibers in the wall of damaged blood vessels.
- Formation of hemostatic platelet plug, helps to stop the flow of blood into the tissues
- Blood clotting or coagulation
- Vascular spasm, contraction of blood vessels, caused by constriction of smooth muscle fibers in the wall of damaged blood vessels.
- Mechanisms of disease
- Polycthemia is an excess of RBCs
- Aplastic anemia is the result of the destruction of bone marrow by harmful substances such as drugs, toxic chemicals or radiation
- Pernicious anemia results from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B12
- Sickle Cell Anemia is a type of hemolytic anemia common to African Americans
- Leukeraia refers to having an abnormally low WBC count
- Thrombosis is a stationary clot
- Embolous is a circulating clot
- Hemophilia is a type of X-linked inherited disorder that results from a failure to form blood-clotting factor VIII, IX, or XI
A great way to understand this chapter would be to go through a brief video from crash course as they're able to go over the topic very well in detail